Developing countries problems and solutions pdf Richmond

Transportation in Developing Countries Obvious Problems ADVERTISEMENTS: The below mentioned article provides an overview on the foreign debt crisis in developing countries. Subject-Matter: Borrowing from abroad can make sound ecoВ­nomic sense. For instance, much of the developВ­ment of railway networks of the USA, Argentina and various developing countries in the 19th cenВ­tury were financed by bonds issued in Europe.

The evolving nature of developing country debt and

Problems and solutions more developed countries S-cool. Problems of scientific research in developing countries by P.B. Vose and A. Cervellini* Since World War II there has been intense activity concerned with training and developing research — particularly agricultural research — capacity in most developing countries, under many national, bi-lateral and UN Agency and other programmes., Sep 30, 2009 · developing countries, in particular least-developed countries, and the role of trade fi nancing; and IV. The main challenges facing the multilateral trading system and refl ections on the post-crisis agenda for the WTO. “ The fi rst sub-theme considered the issue of improved global governance as a way of addressing world problems”.

ment today — the problems of foreign trade and capital flows associated with the economic growth of the developing countries — is a clear awareness of the problems faced by the developing economies and a careful sorting out of the basic issues involved. ADVERTISEMENTS: The below mentioned article provides an overview on the foreign debt crisis in developing countries. Subject-Matter: Borrowing from abroad can make sound eco­nomic sense. For instance, much of the develop­ment of railway networks of the USA, Argentina and various developing countries in the 19th cen­tury were financed by bonds issued in Europe.

Feb 08, 2005 · Biomedical researchers from developing countries who have been trained for a reasonable time in developed countries may decide to work in their own countries for different social, financial or scientific reasons. They will directly realise the huge task ahead if … ment today — the problems of foreign trade and capital flows associated with the economic growth of the developing countries — is a clear awareness of the problems faced by the developing economies and a careful sorting out of the basic issues involved.

This course will provide a framework (and multiple lenses) through which to think about the salient economic and social problems of the five billion people of the developing world, and to work in a team setting toward identifying entrepreneurial solutions to such problems. Case study discussions will cover challenges and solutions in fields as diverse as health, education, technology, urban TRANSPORTATION PLANNING PROBLEMS IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES Gungor Evren Planning problems are deeper in the developing countries. Without the necessary tradition and the past experiences, the planning efforts cannot yield the best results in a short period However, in the developing countries, in terms of economy and the geographical

Feb 08, 2005 · Biomedical researchers from developing countries who have been trained for a reasonable time in developed countries may decide to work in their own countries for different social, financial or scientific reasons. They will directly realise the huge task ahead if … TRANSPORTATION PLANNING PROBLEMS IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES Gungor Evren Planning problems are deeper in the developing countries. Without the necessary tradition and the past experiences, the planning efforts cannot yield the best results in a short period However, in the developing countries, in terms of economy and the geographical

Challenges facing the WTO and policies to address global governance Some developing countries, which now comprise the overwhelming majority of the organiza- Solutions to some of the WTO’s problems can be envisioned, and several promising ones have recently been proposed. But many of the more serious chal- Jul 09, 2017 · Solving Challenges in Developing Countries with Blockchain Technology implementation and adoption problems of the existing solutions. Due to the absence of control panels, local agents in

Challenges and solutions of citizen engagement in developing countries The results of the analyses suggest that the more time individuals spend on the Internet, the lower their degree of trust in government and lower level of citizen compliance. However, our results also suggest that such negative effects of the Internet can be This paper set out to review recurrent problems and reported solutions in the governance of irrigated areas in developing countries and to relate solutions to problems in a case study context.

ADVERTISEMENTS: The below mentioned article provides an overview on the foreign debt crisis in developing countries. Subject-Matter: Borrowing from abroad can make sound eco­nomic sense. For instance, much of the develop­ment of railway networks of the USA, Argentina and various developing countries in the 19th cen­tury were financed by bonds issued in Europe. IELTS Writing Task 2 – Education in Developing Countries: Problems, Solution. IELTS Writing Ideas, Tips, Tricks. Write your own essay with best ideas.

transportation in developing countries: obvious problems, possible solutions Solving transportation problems is one of the chief tasks confronting governments in developing countries. Despite large expenditures on urban transport systems, ranging from 15 to 25% of their total annual expenditures, the current problems have not eased; on the ADVERTISEMENTS: Let us make an in-depth study of the trends in world trade and problems of developing countries. Subject-Matter: International trade and international invest­ment have grown rapidly since the beginning of Industrial Revolution (1740). For example, exports as a percentage of total national output grew from just 1% of the total value of world out­put […]

The growing pressure of population on resource base, especially on arable land, has created many socio-economic, cultural, political, ecological and environmental problems. The population problems vary in space and time and differ from region to region. These problems may be more systematically examined if we take them in the context of developed and developing countries […] Research in common parlance means a search for knowledge. We can also define research as a scientific and systematic hunt for pertinent information on a particular subject. Following are the main challenges or problems of research in developing countries:

Developing Countries and Problems They Face I will begin by defining what is meant by developing it is often seen in three different ways. · Developed countries - rich countries like the USA and Western Europe ADVERTISEMENTS: Let us make an in-depth study of the trends in world trade and problems of developing countries. Subject-Matter: International trade and international invest­ment have grown rapidly since the beginning of Industrial Revolution (1740). For example, exports as a percentage of total national output grew from just 1% of the total value of world out­put […]

Opportunities and Challenges for Developing Countries. Today, the problems facing developing countries revolve around what are generally called “structural constraints” to development. First among these is geography—not just in the historical sense described above—but also in the more contemporary aspect that a modern economy cannot function without a division and diversification of labor., The study assesses the state of packaging and packaging technologies in developing countries, with the challenge of global food losses and the potential for agri-food systems as the backdrop. The purpose of the exercise is to identify packaging solutions in developing countries, within the limits of prevailing levels.

Problems and solutions less developed countries S-cool

Foreign Debt Crisis in Developing Countries An Overview. Feb 08, 2005 · Biomedical researchers from developing countries who have been trained for a reasonable time in developed countries may decide to work in their own countries for different social, financial or scientific reasons. They will directly realise the huge task ahead if …, RURAL FINANCE IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES Jacob Yaron* Background The establishment of formal agricultural credit systems in most developing countries over the recent decades was motivated by the belief that widespread shortages of short- and long-term finance constituted a constraint that arrested agricultural growth and development. The absence.

16. Developing Countries

Solving Challenges in Developing Countries with Blockchain. Challenges and solutions of citizen engagement in developing countries The results of the analyses suggest that the more time individuals spend on the Internet, the lower their degree of trust in government and lower level of citizen compliance. However, our results also suggest that such negative effects of the Internet can be https://simple.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teenage_pregnancy Transportation in Developing Countries: Obvious Problems, Possible Solutions C. JoTIN KRISTY Solving transportation problems is one of the chief tasks conВ­ fronting governments in developing countries. Despite large exВ­ penditures on urban transport systems, ranging from 15 to 25.

Feb 08, 2005 · Biomedical researchers from developing countries who have been trained for a reasonable time in developed countries may decide to work in their own countries for different social, financial or scientific reasons. They will directly realise the huge task ahead if … Difficulties Facing Contractors from Developing Countries: Problems and Solutions M MURRAY and J APPIAH-BAIDEN University of the Witwatersrand P.O. Box 20, Wits, 2050 Johannesburg, South Africa murrayim@icon.co.za Abstract International contracting organisations are occupying an increasingly dominant role in the international construction markets.

ProblemsAny city in the developed world will face considerable problems. These could include: Inequality. Inequalities exist in all cities in the developed world. The most deprived groups can often be found in old inner city areas. These areas are often typified by: High levels of unemployment and a lack of employment opportunities: Poor household amenities. Developing Countries and Problems They Face I will begin by defining what is meant by developing it is often seen in three different ways. В· Developed countries - rich countries like the USA and Western Europe

The debt burden of developing countries has reached the highest level ever seen. When the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) were adopted in 2000, developing countries nature of developing country debt and solutions for change. The aim is to identify relevant reform processes on an problems and analyse the new debt crisis risks.1 This TRANSPORTATION PLANNING PROBLEMS IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES Gungor Evren Planning problems are deeper in the developing countries. Without the necessary tradition and the past experiences, the planning efforts cannot yield the best results in a short period However, in the developing countries, in terms of economy and the geographical

Key development challenges facing the Least Developed Countries. ii Co n t e n t s 5. President’s summary: Key development challenges facing the LDCs: Follow-up to the Third United Nations Conference on the Least Landlocked Developing Countries and Small Island Developing States; H.E. Mr. Felix Mutati, Minister of Commerce, Trade and Sep 24, 2017 · Solving the Problems of the Developing Countries with Technology & Methodology. The stigma of the third and second world countries lies in the fact that the government authorities in these countries are not mindful of doing things smarter, which perhaps we all agree.But another factor largely contributing to the situation is the lake of a proper methodology to run variety of government

The debt burden of developing countries has reached the highest level ever seen. When the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) were adopted in 2000, developing countries nature of developing country debt and solutions for change. The aim is to identify relevant reform processes on an problems and analyse the new debt crisis risks.1 This Jan 22, 2013 · There is a set of problems developing nations facing in world market when trading with industrialised countries: a) Nondiversified economies Many developing nations’ economies are highly dependent on the advanced nations as majority of their exports go to advanced nations and imports come from these advanced nations (Carbaugh 2004)

IELTS Writing Task 2 – Education in Developing Countries: Problems, Solution. IELTS Writing Ideas, Tips, Tricks. Write your own essay with best ideas. Opportunities and Challenges for Developing Countries The structural transformation that occurs as countries develop economi-cally involves large numbers of people moving over time from subsistence farming and other low-productivity agricultural activities to higher-productivity activities in the manufacturing and service sectors. Because

Transportation in Developing Countries: Obvious Problems, Possible Solutions C. JoTIN KRISTY Solving transportation problems is one of the chief tasks conВ­ fronting governments in developing countries. Despite large exВ­ penditures on urban transport systems, ranging from 15 to 25 Here we detail about the ten problems of foreign trade faced by developing countries of the world. 1. Primary Exporting: Most of the developing countries, in its initial stage of development are exporting mostly primary products and thus cannot fetch a good price of its product in the foreign market.

developing countries the tax ratio has changed surprisingly little in recent decades. The belief that some seem to hold that developing countries can increase their tax take simply through more vigorous collection efforts is particularly naГЇve.7 There is more to improving tax effort than simply exhorting countries to try harder. This paper set out to review recurrent problems and reported solutions in the governance of irrigated areas in developing countries and to relate solutions to problems in a case study context.

Today, the problems facing developing countries revolve around what are generally called “structural constraints” to development. First among these is geography—not just in the historical sense described above—but also in the more contemporary aspect that a modern economy cannot function without a division and diversification of labor. TRANSPORTATION PLANNING PROBLEMS IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES Gungor Evren Planning problems are deeper in the developing countries. Without the necessary tradition and the past experiences, the planning efforts cannot yield the best results in a short period However, in the developing countries, in terms of economy and the geographical

The study assesses the state of packaging and packaging technologies in developing countries, with the challenge of global food losses and the potential for agri-food systems as the backdrop. The purpose of the exercise is to identify packaging solutions in developing countries, within the limits of prevailing levels Sustainable transport solutions at a crossroads in developing countries: insights and perspectives J. Chakwizira1, P. Bikam1 & T. A. Adeboyejo2 1University of Venda, School of Environmental Sciences, South Africa 2Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Nigeria Abstract This paper reviews the solutions to the matters of sustainable transport at a

Difficulties Facing Contractors from Developing Countries: Problems and Solutions M MURRAY and J APPIAH-BAIDEN University of the Witwatersrand P.O. Box 20, Wits, 2050 Johannesburg, South Africa murrayim@icon.co.za Abstract International contracting organisations are occupying an increasingly dominant role in the international construction markets. IELTS Writing Task 2 – Education in Developing Countries: Problems, Solution. IELTS Writing Ideas, Tips, Tricks. Write your own essay with best ideas.

Solving Challenges in Developing Countries with Blockchain

Problems Faced by Developing Nations in Free Trade. Sustainable transport solutions at a crossroads in developing countries: insights and perspectives J. Chakwizira1, P. Bikam1 & T. A. Adeboyejo2 1University of Venda, School of Environmental Sciences, South Africa 2Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Nigeria Abstract This paper reviews the solutions to the matters of sustainable transport at a, Research in common parlance means a search for knowledge. We can also define research as a scientific and systematic hunt for pertinent information on a particular subject. Following are the main challenges or problems of research in developing countries:.

Education in Developing Countries Problems Solution

Solving the Problems of the Developing Countries with. This course will provide a framework (and multiple lenses) through which to think about the salient economic and social problems of the five billion people of the developing world, and to work in a team setting toward identifying entrepreneurial solutions to such problems. Case study discussions will cover challenges and solutions in fields as diverse as health, education, technology, urban, The following sections review the issues of developing countries then the interoperability problems identified by developing countries in the different regions: CIS & Europe, Asia-Pacific, the Americas, Africa and the Arab states. Developing countries. The ITU holds developing countries to ….

that developing countries face many generic and specific obstacles in implementing tax systems that can meet their unique needs and that will also finance the necessary level of public spending in the most efficient way.6 Developing countries would like to increase 2 Richard M. Bird, Tax Policy and Economic Development (Baltimore: John Hopkins Problems of scientific research in developing countries by P.B. Vose and A. Cervellini* Since World War II there has been intense activity concerned with training and developing research — particularly agricultural research — capacity in most developing countries, under many national, bi-lateral and UN Agency and other programmes.

IT alone cannot solve all of the problems facing developing coun-tries, but IT should be part of the solution. With IT, individuals in the developing world can see and share valuable information. Farm-ers can get up-to-date weather forecasts and information about the 16. Developing Countries Challenges and solutions of citizen engagement in developing countries The results of the analyses suggest that the more time individuals spend on the Internet, the lower their degree of trust in government and lower level of citizen compliance. However, our results also suggest that such negative effects of the Internet can be

Yet these problems have received only scant attention from criminologists and crime scientists, most of who work in developed/Westernized nations. Crime scientists have a special role to play in studying these crimes because their work is oriented to solutions and it is this kind of practical help that the developing world most needs. The study assesses the state of packaging and packaging technologies in developing countries, with the challenge of global food losses and the potential for agri-food systems as the backdrop. The purpose of the exercise is to identify packaging solutions in developing countries, within the limits of prevailing levels

The developing world cities are suffering many very serious problems. These are a consequence of the rapid population growth, a lack of capital to invest and a non-existent, very poor and/or outdated infrastructure.Problems1. Collapsing infrastructure. Many cities in the developing world do not have an infrastructure that is capable of dealing with the massive increases in population. Sep 24, 2017В В· Solving the Problems of the Developing Countries with Technology & Methodology. The stigma of the third and second world countries lies in the fact that the government authorities in these countries are not mindful of doing things smarter, which perhaps we all agree.But another factor largely contributing to the situation is the lake of a proper methodology to run variety of government

The following problems are those that occur most frequently. This checklist can provide insights for technical assistance experts, educators or corporate project managers dealing with projects or project personnel in developing countries. 1. Ineffective project planning and preparation. a. ADVERTISEMENTS: Let us make an in-depth study of the trends in world trade and problems of developing countries. Subject-Matter: International trade and international invest­ment have grown rapidly since the beginning of Industrial Revolution (1740). For example, exports as a percentage of total national output grew from just 1% of the total value of world out­put […]

developing countries the tax ratio has changed surprisingly little in recent decades. The belief that some seem to hold that developing countries can increase their tax take simply through more vigorous collection efforts is particularly naГЇve.7 There is more to improving tax effort than simply exhorting countries to try harder. Developing Countries and Problems They Face I will begin by defining what is meant by developing it is often seen in three different ways. В· Developed countries - rich countries like the USA and Western Europe

PROBLEMS OF IRRIGATION IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES. By Phillip Z. Kirpich; Dorota Z. Haman/ and Stuart W. Styles . 3 . ABSTRACT: This paper describes the crucial importance of irrigated agriculture to developing countries and to the world as a whole. This is followed by a summary of key problems that restrict and diminish the benefits Challenges and solutions of citizen engagement in developing countries The results of the analyses suggest that the more time individuals spend on the Internet, the lower their degree of trust in government and lower level of citizen compliance. However, our results also suggest that such negative effects of the Internet can be

Developed countries could help developing nations by providing money. The main issue among developing countries is the budget for education. Developed countries can financially help these struggling countries to improve the literacy rates. Developed countries could invest in schools and technology. They could supply the funds to build schools ment today — the problems of foreign trade and capital flows associated with the economic growth of the developing countries — is a clear awareness of the problems faced by the developing economies and a careful sorting out of the basic issues involved.

Key development challenges facing the Least Developed Countries. ii Co n t e n t s 5. President’s summary: Key development challenges facing the LDCs: Follow-up to the Third United Nations Conference on the Least Landlocked Developing Countries and Small Island Developing States; H.E. Mr. Felix Mutati, Minister of Commerce, Trade and that developing countries face many generic and specific obstacles in implementing tax systems that can meet their unique needs and that will also finance the necessary level of public spending in the most efficient way.6 Developing countries would like to increase 2 Richard M. Bird, Tax Policy and Economic Development (Baltimore: John Hopkins

Opportunities and Challenges for Developing Countries The structural transformation that occurs as countries develop economi-cally involves large numbers of people moving over time from subsistence farming and other low-productivity agricultural activities to higher-productivity activities in the manufacturing and service sectors. Because Opportunities and Challenges for Developing Countries The structural transformation that occurs as countries develop economi-cally involves large numbers of people moving over time from subsistence farming and other low-productivity agricultural activities to higher-productivity activities in the manufacturing and service sectors. Because

Vaccination in Developing Countries Problems Challenges

The evolving nature of developing country debt and. that developing countries face many generic and specific obstacles in implementing tax systems that can meet their unique needs and that will also finance the necessary level of public spending in the most efficient way.6 Developing countries would like to increase 2 Richard M. Bird, Tax Policy and Economic Development (Baltimore: John Hopkins, ProblemsAny city in the developed world will face considerable problems. These could include: Inequality. Inequalities exist in all cities in the developed world. The most deprived groups can often be found in old inner city areas. These areas are often typified by: High levels of unemployment and a lack of employment opportunities: Poor household amenities..

PROBLEMS FACED BY DEVELOPING COUNTRIES RELATED

Sustainable transport solutions at a crossroads in. Research in common parlance means a search for knowledge. We can also define research as a scientific and systematic hunt for pertinent information on a particular subject. Following are the main challenges or problems of research in developing countries: https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brundtland_Commission in developing countries will undoubtebly progress and become a vital part of interna-tional scientific publication. Publishing in Developing Countries: Problems and Solutions ANNUAL MEETING REPORTS Journals in develop-ing countries must help themselves by working to improve their standards and publishing what is peculiar to their countries..

Problems of scientific research in developing countries by P.B. Vose and A. Cervellini* Since World War II there has been intense activity concerned with training and developing research — particularly agricultural research — capacity in most developing countries, under many national, bi-lateral and UN Agency and other programmes. that developing countries face many generic and specific obstacles in implementing tax systems that can meet their unique needs and that will also finance the necessary level of public spending in the most efficient way.6 Developing countries would like to increase 2 Richard M. Bird, Tax Policy and Economic Development (Baltimore: John Hopkins

Difficulties Facing Contractors from Developing Countries: Problems and Solutions M MURRAY and J APPIAH-BAIDEN University of the Witwatersrand P.O. Box 20, Wits, 2050 Johannesburg, South Africa murrayim@icon.co.za Abstract International contracting organisations are occupying an increasingly dominant role in the international construction markets. Jan 22, 2013 · There is a set of problems developing nations facing in world market when trading with industrialised countries: a) Nondiversified economies Many developing nations’ economies are highly dependent on the advanced nations as majority of their exports go to advanced nations and imports come from these advanced nations (Carbaugh 2004)

The growing pressure of population on resource base, especially on arable land, has created many socio-economic, cultural, political, ecological and environmental problems. The population problems vary in space and time and differ from region to region. These problems may be more systematically examined if we take them in the context of developed and developing countries […] Here we detail about the ten problems of foreign trade faced by developing countries of the world. 1. Primary Exporting: Most of the developing countries, in its initial stage of development are exporting mostly primary products and thus cannot fetch a good price of its product in the foreign market.

Problems of scientific research in developing countries by P.B. Vose and A. Cervellini* Since World War II there has been intense activity concerned with training and developing research — particularly agricultural research — capacity in most developing countries, under many national, bi-lateral and UN Agency and other programmes. RURAL FINANCE IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES Jacob Yaron* Background The establishment of formal agricultural credit systems in most developing countries over the recent decades was motivated by the belief that widespread shortages of short- and long-term finance constituted a constraint that arrested agricultural growth and development. The absence

IELTS Writing Task 2 – Education in Developing Countries: Problems, Solution. IELTS Writing Ideas, Tips, Tricks. Write your own essay with best ideas. The following problems are those that occur most frequently. This checklist can provide insights for technical assistance experts, educators or corporate project managers dealing with projects or project personnel in developing countries. 1. Ineffective project planning and preparation. a.

PROBLEMS OF IRRIGATION IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES. By Phillip Z. Kirpich; Dorota Z. Haman/ and Stuart W. Styles . 3 . ABSTRACT: This paper describes the crucial importance of irrigated agriculture to developing countries and to the world as a whole. This is followed by a summary of key problems that restrict and diminish the benefits Sustainable transport solutions at a crossroads in developing countries: insights and perspectives J. Chakwizira1, P. Bikam1 & T. A. Adeboyejo2 1University of Venda, School of Environmental Sciences, South Africa 2Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Nigeria Abstract This paper reviews the solutions to the matters of sustainable transport at a

The study assesses the state of packaging and packaging technologies in developing countries, with the challenge of global food losses and the potential for agri-food systems as the backdrop. The purpose of the exercise is to identify packaging solutions in developing countries, within the limits of prevailing levels developing countries the tax ratio has changed surprisingly little in recent decades. The belief that some seem to hold that developing countries can increase their tax take simply through more vigorous collection efforts is particularly naГЇve.7 There is more to improving tax effort than simply exhorting countries to try harder.

The study assesses the state of packaging and packaging technologies in developing countries, with the challenge of global food losses and the potential for agri-food systems as the backdrop. The purpose of the exercise is to identify packaging solutions in developing countries, within the limits of prevailing levels Key development challenges facing the Least Developed Countries. ii Co n t e n t s 5. President’s summary: Key development challenges facing the LDCs: Follow-up to the Third United Nations Conference on the Least Landlocked Developing Countries and Small Island Developing States; H.E. Mr. Felix Mutati, Minister of Commerce, Trade and

transportation in developing countries: obvious problems, possible solutions Solving transportation problems is one of the chief tasks confronting governments in developing countries. Despite large expenditures on urban transport systems, ranging from 15 to 25% of their total annual expenditures, the current problems have not eased; on the Opportunities and Challenges for Developing Countries The structural transformation that occurs as countries develop economi-cally involves large numbers of people moving over time from subsistence farming and other low-productivity agricultural activities to higher-productivity activities in the manufacturing and service sectors. Because

Sep 30, 2009 · developing countries, in particular least-developed countries, and the role of trade fi nancing; and IV. The main challenges facing the multilateral trading system and refl ections on the post-crisis agenda for the WTO. “ The fi rst sub-theme considered the issue of improved global governance as a way of addressing world problems” Sep 30, 2009 · developing countries, in particular least-developed countries, and the role of trade fi nancing; and IV. The main challenges facing the multilateral trading system and refl ections on the post-crisis agenda for the WTO. “ The fi rst sub-theme considered the issue of improved global governance as a way of addressing world problems”

This course will provide a framework (and multiple lenses) through which to think about the salient economic and social problems of the five billion people of the developing world, and to work in a team setting toward identifying entrepreneurial solutions to such problems. Case study discussions will cover challenges and solutions in fields as diverse as health, education, technology, urban Jan 22, 2013 · There is a set of problems developing nations facing in world market when trading with industrialised countries: a) Nondiversified economies Many developing nations’ economies are highly dependent on the advanced nations as majority of their exports go to advanced nations and imports come from these advanced nations (Carbaugh 2004)

9/4/2008 · I use a early 60's era Type 21 and I can't imagine a finer lathe ever being built than a DS&G. Overbuilt and very tough are common words used when describing one. They've been around since 1865. Full parts service and technical support provided for every lathe manufactured by Dean Smith & Grace since 1945. The manual suggests that for Dean smith and grace type 13 manual Marlborough Dean Smith and Grace Type 13Z and 13ZH "Minor" lathes as made during the 1940s. Two publications in one: simple Instruction Books with Screwcutting Charts and clutch-adjustment instructions, a copy of the interesting, well illustrated and detailed Maker's Sales and Specification Catalogue and "A Short History of the Firm od Dean, Smith & Grace